Normalized difference vegetation index for desiccation evaluation with glyphosate + 2, 4-D in magnetized spray solution / Índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada para avaliação de dessecação com glyphosate + 2, 4-D em calda magnetizada

Abstract Water magnetization and geoprocessing are increasingly utilized tools in weed management. Our objective was to study the influence of water magnetization on herbicide efficiency and to verify whether there is a relationship between control scores and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). In the laboratory experiment, water was subjected to magnetization and evaluated with respect to four characteristics. In the field experiment, plots of Brachiaria grass were subjected to treatments in a factorial scheme (6 × 2 + 1). Six herbicidal factors (doses of glyphosate and glyphosate + 2,4-D) and the magnetization or absence of magnetization of the spray solution were evaluated and compared against the control treatment (without spraying). Weed control assessments were carried out six times. Images were obtained using an embedded multispectral camera to determine the NDVI values. Data related to water characteristics were analyzed using the t test. Weed control and NDVI data were subjected to analysis of variance and are presented in regression graphs. Dispersion analysis of NDVI data was performed according to the control scores. The magnetization process decreased the pH of the water and increased the surface tension, but it did not influence the control scores or the NDVI. As the glyphosate dose was increased, the control scores were higher and the NDVI values were lower. Magnetized water did not affect the biological efficiency of the herbicides, and there was a strong correlation between the control scores and the NDVI values.

Resumo A magnetização da água e o geoprocessamento são ferramentas cada vez mais utilizadas no manejo de ervas daninhas. Nosso objetivo foi estudar a influência da magnetização da água na eficiência do herbicida e verificar se existe uma relação entre os escores de controle e o índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI). No experimento de laboratório, a água foi submetida à magnetização e avaliada em relação a quatro características. No experimento de campo, parcelas de capim-braquiária foram submetidas a tratamentos em esquema fatorial (6 × 2 + 1). Seis fatores herbicidas (doses de glyphosate e glyphosate + 2,4-D) e a magnetização ou ausência de magnetização da calda foram avaliados e comparados com o tratamento controle (sem pulverização). Avaliações de controle de plantas daninhas foram realizadas seis vezes. As imagens foram obtidas usando uma câmera multiespectral incorporada para determinar os valores de NDVI. Os dados relacionados às características da água foram analisados ​​por meio do teste t. O controle de plantas daninhas e os dados de NDVI foram submetidos à análise de variância e são apresentados em gráficos de regressão. A análise de dispersão dos dados NDVI foi realizada de acordo com os escores de controle. O processo de magnetização diminuiu o pH da água e aumentou a tensão superficial, mas não influenciou nos escores de controle ou no NDVI. Conforme a dose de glyphosate foi aumentada, os escores de controle foram maiores e os valores de NDVI foram menores. A água magnetizada não afetou a eficiência biológica dos herbicidas, e houve uma forte correlação entre os escores de controle e os valores de NDVI.

Does doses and time of 2, 4-D application interfere in the physiology and wheat grains yield components?

The identification of the application stage and correct dose of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide is important so that wheat is not harmed. In view of this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2,4-D doses applied at different development stages of wheat crop. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, arranged in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme, with four replications. In factor A, the application stages (before tillering, tillering, first node and booting) were allocated and the doses of 2,4-D (0, 349, 698, 1047 and 1396 g.ha­1) were allocated in factor B. The variables evaluated were phytotoxicity at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application of the treatments (DAT), photosynthetic activity, CO2 internal concentration, stomatal conductance, efficient water use and carboxylation efficiency. The number of spikes·m­2, spike length and number of full and sterile grains were determined in the preharvest. Thousand grain mass, grain yield and hectoliter weight were determined after harvest. The results demonstrate that the herbicide caused phytotoxicity to wheat, being greater in increasing doses and mainly before tillering, causing grain sterility and decreased productivity. The other yield components did not present difference when increasing the dose and application in different stages as well as the physiological variables. The increase of the 2,4-D doses applied before tillering and in the booting stage caused linear decrease in wheat grain yield.

Withdrawal period for seeding cotton after chemical control of cotton stalks

A very limited amount of information is available in relation both to the residual effect of herbicides destinated to the destruction of cotton stalks and to the time interval required to prevent that development and yield of the following crop be affected. This work aimed to identify the residual activity of herbicides intended to eliminate cotton stalks and to estimate the safety interval (SI) of time for the next cotton sowing. Two trails were simultaneously carried out, the first one for a single application and a second one for the two sequential applications of herbicide treatments, in a 15×5 factorial design organized in randomized complete blocks with four replications. Levels of first factor were constituted by herbicide treatments and the levels of the second factor were composed five periods of time for cotton sowing after herbicide application (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days). Herbicides were 2,4-D, glyphosate, saflufenacil, [imazapic + imazapyr], dicamba, fluroxypyr and sulfentrazone. Results provided an indication of residual activity of herbicide treatments in soil and indicated that a single application or two sequential applications of glyphosate + dicamba + saflufenacil have a considerable potential to affect cotton and a period exceeding 100 days for a single application and exceeding 120 days for two sequential applications was necessary. Treatments with 2,4-D and 2,4-D + glyphosate provided the shortest safe interval and may be used for cotton stalk destruction with no risks for the crop sowing after the withdrawal period.

Ácido 2-4 diclorofenoxiacético, un herbicida olvidado: reporte de dos casos / 2-4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a forgotten herbicide: Two case report / Ácido 2-4 diclorofenoxiacético, um herbicida esquecido: reporte de dois casos

Los plaguicidas están entre las principales causas de intoxicación por sustancias químicas en Colombia. Entre ellos se cuentan herbicidas como el paraquat, el glifosato y el ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D). Este último es uno de los herbicidas más usados en el mundo y la intoxicación por causa de este tiene una presentación similar a la intoxicación por inhibidores de la colinesterasa. El abordaje clínico de la intoxicación por 2,4-D es un reto para el primer respondiente, pues el cuadro sintomático es amplio dados los diferentes efectos de la sustancia, entre los que están el gastrointestinal, el metabólico, el renal, el neurológico, y, por supuesto, el toxicológico. Si bien la alcalinización urinaria es una piedra angular del manejo, cada vez hay más información sobre la efectividad y seguridad del uso de la hemodiálisis en casos graves. En este reporte se presentan los casos de dos pacientes con ingesta de 2,4-D, los únicos reportados en Colombia.

In Colombia one of the main sources of intoxication for chemical compounds are pesticides, finding in this groups herbicides like Paraquat, Glyphosate and 2,4-D, the last is one of the most used herbicides worldwide, finding similar clinical manifestations from those intoxications due to cholinesterase inhibitors. The access to this patient might represent a great challenge for the primary responder, because the symptomatic manifestations are wide due to the different risks it configures, like gastrointestinal, metabolic, renal, neurologic, and toxicological risk. Urinary alkalization was the recommended strategy for the management of this intoxication, but the evidence so far shows better safety and effectiveness using hemodialysis in the most severe cases. Then, the clinical cases of two patients with 2,4-D intake are presented, being those the only ones reported in Colombia so far.

Os praguicidas estão entre as principais causas de intoxicação por substâncias químicas na Colômbia. Entre eles se encontram herbicidas como o Paraquat, o glifosato e o ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D). Este último é um dos herbicidas mais usados no mundo e a intoxicação por causa deste tem uma apresentação similar à intoxicação por inibidores da colinesterase. A abordagem clínica da intoxicação por 2,4-D é um desafio para o primeiro respondente, pois o quadro sintomático é amplo dados os diferentes efeitos da substância, entre os que está o gastrointestinal, o metabólico, o renal, o neurológico, e, por suposto, o toxicológico. Se bem que a alcalinização urinária é uma pedra angular do manejo, cada vez mais há mais informação sobre a efetividade e segurança do uso da hemodiálise nos casos graves. Neste reporte se apresentam os casos de dois pacientes com ingestão de 2,4-D, os únicos reportados na Colômbia.

Avaliação da cavidade nasal de camundongos submetidos à exposição ao herbicida ácido 2, 4- diclorofenoxiacético / Evaluation of the nasal cavity mice submitted to the inhalation exposure to the herbicide 2, 4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

No último ano, o Brasil apresentou um aumento de 190% na utilização de agrotóxicos, o que implica em um grave problema de saúde pública. O ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético possui classificação toxicológica I (extremamente tóxico) e por ser muito volátil, favorece a contaminação de solos, águas, animais e seres humanos. Modelo do estudo: Estudo Experimental. Objetivo: Analisar o infiltrado inflamatório de camundongos submetidos à nebulização aguda ao herbicida ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético, em diferentes intervalos de tempo e concentrações. Métodos: Foram utilizados 80 camundongos Swiss machos divididos em quatro grupos (n=20): salina, baixa (3,71 x 10-3 gramas de ingrediente ativo por hectare), média (6,19 x 10-3 gramas de ingrediente ativo por hectare) e alta concentração (9,28 x10-3 gramas de ingrediente ativo por hectare). Todos os animais foram expostos às nebulizações preconizadas para cada grupo por 15 minutos, em diferentes intervalos de tempo: 24, 48, 72 e 192 horas. O protocolo de exposição contou com duas caixas ligadas a um nebulizador ultrassônico e o vestíbulo nasal de cada animal foi retirado após a eutanásia, para a análise histológica. Resultados: A contagem de mastócitos apresentou valores significativamente aumentados no grupo alta concentração, no intervalo de tempo de 48 horas, quando comparado ao de 24 horas. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que a exposição aguda ao herbicida ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético aumenta a produção de mastócitos na cavidade nasal de animais expostos a altas concentrações, e que podem estar relacionados ao surgimento de reações alérgicas. (AU)

In the last year, Brazil presented a 190% increase in the use of agrochemicals, which implies a serious public health problem. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid has toxicological classification I (extremely toxic) and because it is very volatile, it favors the contamination of soils, water, animals and humans. Study model: Experimental study. Objective: To analyze the inflammatory infiltrate of mice submitted to acute nebulization to the 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide at different time intervals and concentrations. Methods: Eighty Swiss male mice were divided into four groups (n=20): saline, low (3.71 x 10-3 grams of active ingredient per hectare), medium (6.19 x 10-3 grams of active ingredient per hectare) and high concentration (9.28 x 10-3 grams of active ingredient per hectare). All animals were exposed to the nebulizations proposed for each group, for 15 minutes, at different time intervals: 24, 48, 72 and 192 hours. The exposure protocol had two boxes attached to an ultrasonic nebulizer and the nasal vestibule of each animal was removed after euthanasia for histological analysis. Results: The mast cell count showed significantly increased values in the high concentration group, in the time interval of 48 hours, when compared to the 24-hour period. Conclusion: The results showed that the acute exposure to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid increases the production of mast cells in the nasal cavity of animals exposed to high concentrations, which may be related to the appearance of allergic reactions. (AU)

Nanotube synthesis from reaction of 4-chloro phenoxy acetate with zinc layered hydroxide

Objective: Intercalations of plant growth regulator 4-chloro phenoxy acetate [4CPA] with zinc oxide [ZnO], developed using ZnO-layered hydroxide [ZLH] as host material and 4CPA as a guest

Methods: Ion exchange technique via sol-gel method synthesized under aqueous environment, resulted in the formation of inorganic-organic nanotube materials

Results: The release of 4CPA from its nanohybrid was found to occur in a controlled manner, governed by pseudo-second order kinetics model. The maximum amount of 4CPA released was governed by pseudo-second order kinetics model. Powder X-ray diffraction showed that the basal spacing of the nanohybrid was developed with the increasing of 4CPA concentrations; the maximum concentration of 0.2M shows an interlayer basal of 1.9 nm. FTIR study showed that the intercalated 4CPA-ZnO spectral feature is generally similar to that of 4CPA, but with bands sightly shifted due to the formation of host-guest nanotubes

Conclusion: The resulted nanotubes were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy [SEM], and transmission electronic microscope [TEM], shows a uniform nanoparticles and monodisperse with average diameter of 35 nm, which correlated a very well with size scale obtained from XRD data. The development of crystals is the function of concentrations

In vitro regeneration of Coelogyne nervosa A.Rich. and Eria pseudoclavicaulis Blatt., threatened orchids of Western Ghats, India.

The seeds of C. nervosa and E. pseudoclavicaulis were germinated asymbiotically on Knudson C (KC) and Schenk and Hildebrandt basal medium (SH). Growth regulators such as 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) individually and in combinations with benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin were used for callus induction from the protocorm like bodies. Coelogyne nervosa showed maximum (90%) callus induction in Knudson C medium supplemented with 2,4-D (2.26 µM) and Eria pseudoclavicaulis showed 60% callus induction in Schenk and Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 2,4-D (2.26 µM). Calli developed a route of production of protocorm-like bodies and eventually developed into plantlets on transfer to growth regulator free half strength basal medium. The well rooted plants were hardened successfully in the potting mixture containing coconut husk, charcoal, and brick pieces in the ratio 2:1:1.

Callus culture development of two varieties of Tagetes erecta and carotenoid production

Background The properties of natural pigments, such as antioxidants, functional, medical, and nutraceutical, have demonstrated the advantages of these natural compounds over synthetic ones. Some products are accepted only when they are pigmented with natural, food-quality colorants: for example poultry products (manly marigold flower extracts). Carotenoids such as β-carotene, β-criptoxanthin and lutein are very attractive as natural food colorants due to their antioxidant and pro-vitamin activities which provide additional value to the target products. Marigold (Tagetes erecta) is an Asteraceous ornamental plant native to Mexico, and it is also important as a carotenoid source for industrial and medicinal purposes but nowadays its production is destined mainly for ornamental purposes. Results Friable callus of T. erecta yellow flower (YF) and white flower (WF) varieties was induced from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 9.0 µM 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 8.8 µM benzyladenine (BA). Calluses developed from both varieties were different in pigmentation. Extract characterization from callus cultures was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This analytical process detected several carotenoids; the main pigments in extracts from YF callus were lutein and zeaxanthin, whereas in the extracts of the WF callus the main pigments were lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene. Callus cultures of T. erecta accumulated pigments even after several rounds of subculture. Conclusions WF callus appeared to be a suitable candidate as a source of different carotenoids, and tested varieties could represent an alternative for further studies about in vitro pigment production.

Callogenesis in leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata Lam. by 2, 4-D and BA action / Calogênese em folhas de Kalanchoe pinnata Lam. pela ação de 2, 4-D e BAP

The Kalanchoe pinnata Lam. is a bush species of the Crassulaceae that is distinguished by its important medicinal properties. Its leaves are used as cataplasm to treat headaches and wounds. There is evidence for a hypotensive and anti-inflammatory effect. Techniques of plant tissue culture have been applied to plant species that produce substances likely to be explored in pharmacology, cell suspension being the main technique. At the industrial level, this method utilizes bioreactors in order to produce secondary metabolites on a large scale. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of in vitro combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxiacetic acid (2,4-D) and benzylaminopurine (BA) on callus induction in leaf explants of K. pinnata. Leaf fragments were inoculated in MS medium supplemented with 3.0% sucrose, 0.8% agar and factorial combinations of 2,4-D (0.00, 4.52, 9.06, 18.12 µM) and BA (0.00, 4.44, 8.88, 17.76 µM). The cultures were kept in the darkness at 24±2ºC for 50 days. The percentage of callus induction and the area of explants covered by callus cells were evaluated. In the absence of growth regulators, callus induction did not occur, with necrosis of all explants. The highest percentage of callus induction was 100%, obtained with the combination of 9.06 µM 2,4-D and 8.88 µM BA, but the calluses covered only 25% of the leaf area. The most efficient combination was 4.52 µM 2,4-D and 8.88 µM BA, resulting in 91% callus induction with 50 to 100% of the explants being covered by callus cells.

Kalanchoe pinnata Lam. é uma espécie arbustiva da família Crassulaceae que apresenta interessantes propriedades medicinais. Suas folhas são utilizadas em cataplasma para tratar enxaqueca e ferimentos. Há evidência de seu efeito como hipotensiva e anti-inflamatória. Técnicas de cultura de tecidos vegetais têm sido aplicadas para espécies que possuem substâncias passíveis de exploração na farmacologia, sendo a suspensão celular a principal técnica utilizada. A nível industrial, este método utiliza biorreatores para produzir metabólitos secundários em larga escala. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos in vitro de combinações do ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) e de benzilaminopurina (BAP) na indução de calos em explantes foliares de K. pinnata. Fragmentos foliares foram inoculados em meio MS contendo 3% de sacarose, 0,8% de ágar e combinações fatoriais de 2,4-D (0,00; 4,52; 9,06 e 18,12 µM) e BAP (0,00; 4,44; 8,88 e 17,76 µM). Os cultivos foram mantidos no escuro, a 24±2ºC por 50 dias. A porcentagem de indução de calos e a área dos explantes coberta por células de calos foram avaliadas. Na ausência de reguladores de crescimento não ocorreu indução de calos, com necrose de todos os explantes. A porcentagem mais alta de indução de calos foi de 100%, obtida com a combinação de 9,06 µM de 2,4-D e 8,88 µM de BAP, mas estes calos cobriram apenas 25% da área foliar. A combinação mais eficiente foi de 9,06 µM de 2,4-D e 8,88 µM de BAP, que resultou em 91% de indução e 50 a 100% da área dos explantes coberta por células de calos.

Determination of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in air of workplace by high-performance liquid chromatography / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop a method for determination of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) in the air of workplace by high-performance liquid chromatography.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>2, 4-D was collected by ultrafine glass filters, desorbed by methanol, separated by a C18 column, and detected by a UV detector. Identification and quantification of 2, 4-D were performed by retention time and peak areas, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The linear range of the test was 2∼200 µg/ml; the elution efficiency was 94.6%- 95.9%; the limit of detection (S/N = 3) was 0.034 µg/ml (injection volume of 20 µl eluant); the lower limit of quantification (S/N = 10) was 0.11 µg/ml; the minimum detectable concentration was 0.011 mg/m(3); the minimum quantifiable concentration was 0.037 mg/m(3) (with sampled air volume of 45 L).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This method is convenient and simple in sample collection and preparation, and satisfies all methodological requirements. Therefore, this method is useful for the determination of 2, 4-D in the air of workplace.</p>

Somatic embryo-like structures of strawberry regenerated in vitro on media supplemented with 2,4-D and BAP.

Somatic embryo-like structures (SELS) were produced in vitro from leaf disk and petiole explants of two cultivars of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) on Murashige and Skoog medium with different concentrations and combinations of 2,4‑dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and sucrose to check the embryonic nature of these structures histologically. A large number of SELS could be regenerated in both cultivars on media with 2 - 4 mg L-1 2,4-D in combination with 0.5 - 1 mg L-1 BAP and 50 g L-1 sucrose. Histological examination of SELS revealed the absence of a root pole. Therefore these structures cannot be strictly classified as somatic embryos. The SELS formed under the tested culture conditions represent malformed shoot-like and leaf-like structures. The importance of these results for the propagation of strawberries via somatic embryogenesis is discussed.

Agent Orange Exposure and Prevalence of Self-reported Diseases in Korean Vietnam Veterans / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between Agent Orange exposure and self-reported diseases in Korean Vietnam veterans. METHODS: A postal survey of 114 562 Vietnam veterans was conducted. The perceived exposure to Agent Orange was assessed by a 6-item questionnaire. Two proximity-based Agent Orange exposure indices were constructed using division/brigade-level and battalion/company-level unit information. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for age and other confounders were calculated using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence of all self-reported diseases showed monotonically increasing trends as the levels of perceived self-reported exposure increased. The ORs for colon cancer (OR, 1.13), leukemia (OR, 1.56), hypertension (OR, 1.03), peripheral vasculopathy (OR, 1.07), enterocolitis (OR, 1.07), peripheral neuropathy (OR, 1.07), multiple nerve palsy (OR, 1.14), multiple sclerosis (OR, 1.24), skin diseases (OR, 1.05), psychotic diseases (OR, 1.07) and lipidemia (OR, 1.05) were significantly elevated for the high exposure group in the division/brigade-level proximity-based exposure analysis, compared to the low exposure group. The ORs for cerebral infarction (OR, 1.08), chronic bronchitis (OR, 1.05), multiple nerve palsy (OR, 1.07), multiple sclerosis (OR, 1.16), skin diseases (OR, 1.05), and lipidemia (OR, 1.05) were significantly elevated for the high exposure group in the battalion/company-level analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Korean Vietnam veterans with high exposure to Agent Orange experienced a higher prevalence of several self-reported chronic diseases compared to those with low exposure by proximity-based exposure assessment. The strong positive associations between perceived self-reported exposure and all self-reported diseases should be evaluated with discretion because the likelihood of reporting diseases was directly related to the perceived intensity of Agent Orange exposure.

Serum 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Levels and Their Association With Age, Body Mass Index, Smoking, Military Record-based Variables, and Estimated Exposure to Agent Orange in Korean Vietnam Veterans / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the levels of serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and evaluate their association with age, body mass index, smoking, military record-based variables, and estimated exposure to Agent Orange in Korean Vietnam veterans. METHODS: Serum levels of TCDD were analyzed in 102 Vietnam veterans. Information on age, body mass index, and smoking status were obtained from a self-reported questionnaire. The perceived exposure was assessed by a 6-item questionnaire. Two proximity-based exposures were constructed by division/brigade level and battalion/company level unit information using the Stellman exposure opportunity index model. RESULTS: The mean and median of serum TCDD levels was 1.2 parts per trillion (ppt) and 0.9 ppt, respectively. Only 2 Vietnam veterans had elevated levels of TCDD (>10 ppt). The levels of TCDD did not tend to increase with the likelihood of exposure to Agent Orange, as estimated from either proximity-based exposure or perceived self-reported exposure. The serum TCDD levels were not significantly different according to military unit, year of first deployment, duration of deployment, military rank, age, body mass index, and smoking status. CONCLUSIONS: The average serum TCDD levels in the Korean Vietnam veterans were lower than those reported for other occupationally or environmentally exposed groups and US Vietnam veterans, and their use as an objective marker of Agent Orange exposure may have some limitations. The unit of deployment, duration of deployment, year of first deployment, military rank, perceived self-reported exposure, and proximity-based exposure to Agent Orange were not associated with TCDD levels in Korean Vietnam veterans. Age, body mass index and smoking also were not associated with TCDD levels.

Clinical Outcome of Veterans with Acute Coronary Syndrome Who Had Been Exposed to Agent Orange / 전남의대학술지

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), one of the components of Agent Orange, has been reported to be a deadly poison despite its presence at extremely small doses. TCDD is reported to cause various kinds of cancers and other harmful effects on humans. However, a correlation between exposure to TCDD and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is not yet proven. Thus, we examined the correlation between exposure to TCDD and ACS through an analysis of coronary angiograms from veterans of the Vietnam War. Two hundred fifty-one consecutive men undergoing coronary angiograms owing to ACS between April 2004 and May 2009 at Gwangju Veterans Hospital were analyzed. Included subjects were between 50 and 70 years of age. The patients were divided into two groups: 121 patients who had been exposed to TCDD (Group I) and 130 patients who had not been exposed to TCDD (Group II). Clinical and coronary angiographic findings were evaluated. Baseline clinical characteristics, inflammatory markers, and echocardiographic parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. The incidence of hypertension (71.1% vs. 60.0%, p=0.039) and hyperlipidemia (27.3% vs. 16.9%, p=0.038) was higher in Group I than in Group II. Total occlusion, stent length, stent use, and coronary lesion characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. The rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) had no relationship with exposure to TCDD. Exposure to TCDD might not affect severity or the rate of MACE in persons with ACS.

Clinical Outcome of Veterans with Acute Coronary Syndrome Who Had Been Exposed to Agent Orange / 전남의대학술지

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), one of the components of Agent Orange, has been reported to be a deadly poison despite its presence at extremely small doses. TCDD is reported to cause various kinds of cancers and other harmful effects on humans. However, a correlation between exposure to TCDD and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is not yet proven. Thus, we examined the correlation between exposure to TCDD and ACS through an analysis of coronary angiograms from veterans of the Vietnam War. Two hundred fifty-one consecutive men undergoing coronary angiograms owing to ACS between April 2004 and May 2009 at Gwangju Veterans Hospital were analyzed. Included subjects were between 50 and 70 years of age. The patients were divided into two groups: 121 patients who had been exposed to TCDD (Group I) and 130 patients who had not been exposed to TCDD (Group II). Clinical and coronary angiographic findings were evaluated. Baseline clinical characteristics, inflammatory markers, and echocardiographic parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. The incidence of hypertension (71.1% vs. 60.0%, p=0.039) and hyperlipidemia (27.3% vs. 16.9%, p=0.038) was higher in Group I than in Group II. Total occlusion, stent length, stent use, and coronary lesion characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. The rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) had no relationship with exposure to TCDD. Exposure to TCDD might not affect severity or the rate of MACE in persons with ACS.

Induction of adventitious roots of Echinacea pallida and accumulation of caffeic acid derivatives / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of auxins 2,4-D,IAA,IBA,NAA on induction of adventitious roots as well as that of IBA concentrations on the growth of adventitious roots and the accumulation of caffeic acid derivatives, with test-tube seedling leaves Echinacea pallida as the explant, and cultivate adventitious roots in bioreactors.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>1.0 mg x L(-1) IBA was found the best for the induction of adventitious roots, with the numer of induced adventitious roots up to 22. 5 in each culture dish. Among different concentrations for suspension cultivation of IBA tested, 1.0 mg x L(-1) IBA was found the most suitable for the growth of adventitious roots and the accumulation of caffeic acid derivatives. In a 5 L balloon type bubble bioreactor, 8.98 g x L(-1) dry weight was achieved after one month, which was 2.05 times of 4.38 g x L(-1) dry weight cultivated in a triangular flask. The content of echinacoside cultivated in a bioreactor was 14.08 mg x g(-1) DW, which was 2.4 times of cultivated roots. The contents of chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid and total caffeic acid derivatives were 4.0-25.6 times of ultivated roots.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study can provide high-quality biomedical drugs containing such caffeic acid derivatives as echinacoside for mass production of Echinacea purpurea medicines.</p>

Effect on different concentrations of exogenous hormones on baicalin in Scutellaria baicalensis callus / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the content of baicalin in Scutellaria baicalensis callus induced by different doncentrations of exogenous hormones.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>HPLC system was adopted to determine baicalin in S. baicalensis callus. Chromatographic conditions: ODS column was adopted, with methanol-water-phosphate (47: 53: 0.2) as the mobile phase. The flow velocity was 1 mL x min(-1), the detective wavelength was 280 nm, and the temperature of column was room temperature.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>S. baicalensis callus induced by 6-BA 1.0 mg x L(-1) + NAA 0.5 mg x L(-1) showed the highest baicalin content, up to 49.78 mg x g(-1).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The experiment is such a simple, rapid and stable method for determining the baicalin content that it can be used for determining the baicalin content in S. baicalensis callus.</p>

Multiple Merkel Cell Carcinoma in a Vietnam Veteran Exposed to Agent Orange / 대한피부과학회지

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare aggressive primary skin cancer which mostly occurs in the elderly on sun-exposed skin. It usually presents as a solitary dome-shaped red or purple nodule on the head, neck and extremities. The mortality rate is higher than the rate for malignant melanoma because its local recurrence is common. Agent Orange, an herbicide widely used as a defoliant in the Vietnam War, contains dioxin contaminants and can cause several dermatoses and skin cancers. We report a case of multiple Merkel cell carcinoma in a 65-year-old male with lesions on the head and neck, who had been exposed to Agent Orange during Vietnam War.

Defoliant and Skin Diseases / 대한피부과학회지

A defoliant is a toxic chemical agent used to remove leaves. Defoliants are classified into 6 types (purple, pink, green, blue, white and orange). From 1962 to 1971, due to removing leaves and securing their ability to see, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps veterans handled and sprayed defoliant in Vietnam. This resulted in exposure to Agent Orange and its contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin). This agent induces many medical problems in humans. Since 1992 in Korea, exposure to defoliants have given rise to several problems. However, there were few reactions due to the lack of data, social apathy, and international relationships. In this article, we review characteristics and diseases related to defoliants.

Role of PGrs and inhibitors in induction and control of somatic embryogenesis in Themeda quadrivalvis.

Somatic embryogenesis could be achieved in Themeda quadrivalvis (Linn.) O. Ktze -fodder grass species on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D. Incorporation of putrescine in the medium stimulated embryogenesis, however its lower concentration stimulated production of non-regenerative callus. Other polyamines such as spermine and spermidine could not evoke similar response. Ascorbic acid used as antioxidant could not prevent browning in embryogenic cultures, however it stimulated embryogenesis. Inhibition of auxin polar transport by use of TIBA and HFCA reduced the embryogenic response significantly and produced distorted or abnormal embryos. Antiethylene substances such as AgNO3 and CoCl2 added in the medium adversely affected the process of embryogenesis and counteracting the stimulatory role of ethylene.